Submacular Choroidal Arteries: A Laser Doppler Holography and OCT Study Paques, M., Z. Bratasz, L. Puyo, C. Chaumette, D. Castro Farias, M. Atlan, and S. Mrejen Ophthalmology Science 5, no. 3, 100709 (2025)
Résumé: Objective: To document the aspect, topography and morphometry of normal human choroidal arteries in the posterior pole by laser Doppler holography (LDH) and OCT. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Fifty-four eyes of 27 healthy subjects. Methods: A prototypic LDH system captured the laser Doppler shift of the choroidal circulation within the central 20°. Doppler shifts were filtered to extract high velocity vessels. Images of choroidal arteries identified by LDH were subsequently registered with en face and cross-sectional OCT images. Subsequently, the diameters of macular choroidal arteries and their correlation to central choroidal thickness was measured on OCT B-scans. Main Outcome Measures: Spatial disposition, distribution, and diameters of choroidal arteries. Results: Choroidal arteries were identified by LDH and OCT from their emergence from short posterior ciliary arteries (sPCAs), and could be traced to second and third divisions. In the 8 eyes that underwent LDH, 7 of 8 (88%) showed a horizontal first-order artery within 0.5 disc diameter from the fovea. OCT B-scans showed that first-order arteries were located along the sclera-choroid interface; around arteries, the choroidal tissue formed a pyramid-shaped avascular structure with a posterior base contiguous and isoreflective to the sclera. In a cohort of 49 eyes, the diameter of horizontal submacular arteries (average [± standard deviation] 136.3 μm [±47]; range, 70–209 μm) was weakly correlated to central choroidal thickness (P = 0.09). Conclusions: First-order choroidal arteries emerging from sPCAs are located along the sclerochoroidal interface and are surrounded by a pyramid-shaped avascular space, which contributes to differentiate them from veins. The majority of normal eye show a submacular first-order artery running horizontally toward the temporal periphery. These results will pave the way for a better knowledge of diseases affecting the choroidal circulation. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Floquet scattering of shallow water waves by a vertically oscillating plate Koukouraki, M., P. Petitjeans, A. Maurel, and V. Pagneux Wave Motion 136, 103530 (2025)
Résumé: We report on the scattering of a plane wave from a vertically oscillating plate in the low frequency approximation by means of Floquet theory. In the case of a static plate, the scattering coefficients are evaluated via mode matching method for the full two-dimensional linearized water wave problem and are compared with the coefficients obtained from a reduced one-dimensional model in the shallow water approximation. The main part of the analysis is the extension of this 1D shallow water approximation to the case of a vertically oscillating plate, where time modulation is only encapsulated in the blockage coefficient. We show that the incident wave is scattered into Floquet sidebands and extract the scattering coefficients for each harmonic using a Floquet scattering formalism. Finally, considering a slowly oscillating plate, we propose a quasistatic approximation which appears to be particularly accurate.
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Rapid On-Site Histopathological Analysis of Kidney Biopsy With Dynamic Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography Zuccarelli, L., Q. Bernard, G. Tarris, L. Martin, M. Funes De La Vega, A. Jacq, J. M. Rebibou, C. Tinel, C. Boccara, O. Thouvenin, J. M. Chassot, M. Rabant, J. Zuber, C. Legendre, J. P. Quenot, M. N. Peraldi, L. Amrouche, A. Scemla, N. Chavarot, D. Anglicheau, M. Legendre, and T. Maldiney Kidney International Reports (2025)
Résumé: Introduction: Kidney histology preparation requires a multistep process that is usually responsible for delayed results. This study introduces dynamic full-field optical coherence tomography (D-FF-OCT) as a label-free alternative to overcome the limitations of traditional histopathology for on-site kidney pathology assessment. Methods: Two patient cohorts were considered, with a total of 31 patients included in the study; one cohort involved patients requiring biopsy of transplant kidney, and the other involved patients requiring biopsy of native kidney. The clinical and biological data were prospectively collected. Histopathological analysis of kidney biopsies was conducted using both conventional stains and dynamic D-FF-OCT imaging. Results: D-FF-OCT enabled the recognition of most kidney structures. The results showed a significant correlation between this technology and conventional stains for the evaluation of both interstitial fibrosis (IF) (r = 0.61, P < 0.001) and tubular atrophy (TA) (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Although many lesions could be identified such as interstitial inflammation, acute tubular necrosis, glomerular crescents, and vascular intimal thickening; other recognitions such as glomerular membranous deposits, vascular amyloidosis, and peritubular capillaritis will require confirmation in larger cohorts. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of D-FF-OCT imaging for on-site analysis of kidney biopsies, providing rapid and high-resolution images without extensive sample preparation.
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Extreme wave skewing and dispersion spectra of anisotropic elastic plates Kiefer, D. A., S. Mezil, and C. Prada Physical Review Research 7, no. 1 (2025)
Résumé: Guided wave dispersion is commonly assessed by Fourier analysis of the field along a line, resulting in
frequency-wave-number dispersion curves. In anisotropic plates, a point source can generate multiple dispersion
branches pertaining to the same modal surface, which arise due to the angle between the power flux and the
wave vector. We show that this phenomenon is very particular near zero-group-velocity points and occurs in all
directions independent of the degree of anisotropy. Stationary phase points accurately describe measurements on
a monocrystalline silicon plate.
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3D Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of Microfabricated Multiscale Fractal Substrates for Calibration and Cell Imaging Cabriel, C., R. M. Córdova-Castro, E. Berenschot, A. Dávila-Lezama, K. Pondman, S. Le Gac, N. Tas, A. Susarrey-Arce, and I. Izeddin ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 17, no. 6, 9019-9034 (2025)
Résumé: Microstructures arrayed over a substrate have shown increasing interest due to their ability to provide advanced 3D cellular models, which open up new possibilities for cell culture, proliferation, and differentiation. Still, the mechanisms by which physical cues impact the cell phenotype are not fully understood, hence the necessity to interrogate cell behavior at the highest resolution. However, cell 3D high-resolution optical imaging on such microstructured substrates remains challenging due to their complexity as well as axial calibration issues. In this work, we address this issue by leveraging the geometrical characteristics of fractal-like structures, which serve as axial calibration tools and modulate cell growth. To this end, we use multiscale 3D SiO2 substrates consisting of spatially arrayed octahedral features of a few micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. Through optimizations of both the structures and optical imaging conditions, we demonstrate the potential of these 3D multiscale structures as an alternative to electron microscopy for material imaging but also as calibration tools for 3D super-resolution microscopy. We used their multiscale and known geometry to perform lateral and axial calibrations in 3D single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and assess imaging resolutions. We then utilized these substrates as a platform for high-resolution bioimaging. As a proof of concept, we cultivate human mesenchymal stem cells on these substrates, revealing very different growth patterns compared to flat glass. Specifically, the spatial distribution of cytoskeleton proteins is vastly modified, as we demonstrate with a 3D SMLM assessment.
Mots-clés: 3D single-molecule localization microscopy; bioimaging; multiscale material; fractal-like microstructures; calibration; material imaging
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Complementary Speckle Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Arjmand, P., S. C. Thodika, H. Li, E. Bivas, M. Oheim, H. Yoshida, E. Brasselet, and M. Guillon ACS Photonics (2025)
Résumé: Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique providing visualization of biological structures at the molecular level in living samples. In this technique, the diffraction limit is broken by selectively depleting the fluorophore’s excited state by stimulated emission, typically using a donut-shaped optical vortex beam. STED microscopy performs exceptionally well in degraded optical conditions, such as living tissues. Nevertheless, photobleaching and acquisition time are among the main challenges for imaging large volumetric fields of view. In this regard, random light beams such as speckle patterns have proved to be especially promising for three-dimensional imaging in compressed sensing schemes. Taking advantage of the high spatial density of intrinsic optical vortices in speckles─one of the most commonly used types of structured beams in STED microscopy─we propose here a novel scheme that employs speckles for performing STED microscopy. Two speckle patterns are generated at the excitation and the depletion wavelengths, respectively, exhibiting inverted intensity contrasts. We illustrate spatial resolution enhancement using complementary speckles as excitation and depletion beams on both fluorescent beads and biological samples. Our results establish a robust method for super-resolved three-dimensional imaging with promising perspectives in terms of temporal resolution and photobleaching.
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Ultrasound-induced dense granular flows: a two-time scale modelling Martin, H. A., A. Mangeney, X. Jia, B. Maury, A. Lefebvre-Lepot, Y. Maday, and P. Dérand Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1004 (2025)
Résumé: Understanding the mechanisms behind the remote triggering of landslides by seismic waves at micro-strain amplitude is essential for quantifying seismic hazards. Granular materials provide a relevant model system to investigate landslides within the unjamming transition framework, from solid to liquid states. Furthermore, recent laboratory experiments have revealed that ultrasound-induced granular avalanches can be related to a reduction in the interparticle friction through shear acoustic lubrication of the contacts. However, investigating slip at the scale of grain contacts within an optically opaque granular medium remains a challenging issue. Here, we propose an original coupling model and numerically investigate two-dimensional dense granular flows triggered by basal acoustic waves. We model the triggering dynamics at two separated time scales - one for grain motion (milliseconds) and the other for ultrasound (10μs) - relying on the computation of vibrational modes with a discrete element method through the reduction of the local friction. We show that ultrasound predominantly propagates through the strong-force chains, while the ultrasound-induced decrease of interparticle friction occurs in the weak contact forces perpendicular to the strong-force chains. This interparticle friction reduction initiates local rearrangements at the grain scale that eventually lead to a continuous flow through a percolation process at the macroscopic scale - with a delay depending on the proximity to the failure. Consistent with experiments, we show that ultrasound-induced flow appears more uniform in space than pure gravity-driven flow, indicating the role of an effective temperature by ultrasonic vibration.
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Sensitivity of Lamb waves in viscoelastic polymer plates to surface contamination Spytek, J., D. A. Kiefer, R. K. Ing, C. Prada, J. Grando, and J. De Rosny Ultrasonics 149, 107571 (2025)
Résumé: Detecting surface contamination on thin thermoformed polymer plates is a critical issue for various industrial applications. Lamb waves offer a promising solution, though their effectiveness is challenged by the strong attenuation and anisotropy of the polymer plates. This issue is addressed in the context of a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) layer deposited on a polypropylene (PP) plate. First, the viscoelastic properties of the PP material are determined using a genetic algorithm inversion of data measured with a scanning laser vibrometer. Second, using a bi-layer plate model, the elastic properties and thickness of the CaCO3 layer are estimated. Based on the model, the sensitivity analysis is performed, demonstrating considerable effectiveness of the A1 Lamb mode in detecting thin layers of CaCO3 compared to Lamb modes A0 and S0. Finally, a direct application of this work is illustrated through in-situ monitoring of CaCO3 contaminants using a straightforward inter-transducer measurement.
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Metastable state preceding shear zone instability: Implications for earthquake-accelerated landslides and dynamic triggering Li, Y., W. Hu, Q. Xu, H. Luo, C. Chang, and X. Jia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122, no. 1 (2025)
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Techniques for imaging optic disc vasculature in glaucomatous optic neuropathy: A review of the literature Aubert, T., R. Lecoge, P. Bastelica, M. Atlan, M. Paques, P. Hamard, C. Baudouin, and A. Labbé Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie 48, no. 2, 104369 (2025)
Résumé: The anatomy and vasculature of the optic nerve head are complex and subject to numerous variations. The main risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is elevated intraocular pressure, but many other factors have been identified. A vascular component seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, either under the influence of ocular hypertension or as an independent risk factor, particularly as in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Reduced ocular blood flow has been identified as a risk factor for glaucoma. Numerous instruments have therefore been developed to explore the vasculature of the optic nerve head and to try to better understand the changes in blood flow in the optic nerve in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In this review, we provide an update on the various means of imaging the vasculature of the optic nerve head, from angiography to the most modern techniques with angiographic OCT and laser Doppler holography. Using the results found in glaucomatous optic neuropathies, we will explore the close link between reduced ocular blood flow and the development or progression of glaucoma. A better understanding of this pathophysiology opens the door to improved management of our glaucoma patients.
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Computation of leaky waves in layered structures coupled to unbounded media by exploiting multiparameter eigenvalue problems Gravenkamp, H., B. Plestenjak, D. A. Kiefer, and E. Jarlebring Journal of Sound and Vibration 596 (2025)
Résumé: We present a semi-analytical approach to compute quasi-guided elastic wave modes in horizontally layered structures radiating into unbounded fluid or solid media. This problem is of relevance, e.g., for the simulation of guided ultrasound in embedded plate structures or seismic waves in soil layers over an elastic half-space. We employ a semi-analytical formulation to describe the layers, thus discretizing the thickness direction by means of finite elements. For a free layer, this technique leads to a well-known quadratic eigenvalue problem for the mode shapes and corresponding horizontal wavenumbers. Incorporating the coupling conditions to account for the adjacent half-spaces gives rise to additional terms that are nonlinear in the wavenumber. We show that the resulting nonlinear eigenvalue problem can be cast in the form of a multiparameter eigenvalue problem whose solutions represent the wave numbers in the plate and in the half-spaces. The multiparameter eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using recently developed algorithms. Matlab implementations of the proposed methods are publicly available.
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